History of Bharatanatyam: Temple Origins, Devadasi Tradition, and Global Revival

Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest surviving classical dance traditions in the world. Its evolution spans over two millennia, rooted in sacred texts, temple ritual practice, royal courts, colonial disruption, and 20th-century revival movements.

The Scriptural Foundation: The Natya Shastra (Ancient Treatise on Performing Arts)

The earliest theoretical framework of Bharatanatyam can be traced to the Natya Shastra (ancient Sanskrit treatise on theatre and dance), attributed to Bharata Muni and dated between 200 BCE and 200 CE.

This foundational text codifies:

• Nritta (pure dance technique)
• Nritya (expressive dance conveying meaning)
• Natya (dramatic storytelling)
• Bhava (emotional state)
• Rasa (aesthetic essence experienced by the audience)
• Abhinaya (means of expression)

Temple Traditions and the Devadasi Heritage

From the 6th century onward, temple sculptures in South India depict the 108 Karanas (dynamic movement units) described in the Natya Shastra. The dance was historically known as Sadir or Dasiattam, performed by Devadasis (women dedicated to temple service through music and dance).

These artists were highly trained custodians of repertoire, working with hereditary teachers known as Nattuvanars (conductors and composers). Their contribution forms a foundational layer of classical Bharatanatyam history.

The Tanjore Quartet and the Margam Structure

In the early 19th century, the Tanjore Quartet systematized the Margam (traditional performance pathway), which remains the backbone of Bharatanatyam recitals today.

• Alarippu (invocatory rhythmic opening)
• Jatiswaram (melodic and rhythmic composition)
• Varnam (central, elaborate composition)
• Padam (expressive lyrical piece)
• Tillana (rhythmic finale)

Colonial Period and Cultural Reframing

During British colonial rule, temple dance traditions were stigmatized under the anti-nautch movement. Despite disruption, hereditary families preserved the technique and repertoire privately.

20th Century Revival and Institutionalization

The modern revival of Bharatanatyam is associated with figures such as Rukmini Devi Arundale, who founded Kalakshetra in 1936 and introduced structured pedagogy and proscenium staging. Simultaneously, Balasaraswati upheld the expressive depth of hereditary traditions.

Bharatanatyam in the Global Era

Today, Bharatanatyam is practiced worldwide while maintaining its codified grammar derived from the Natya Shastra. It stands as a classical form that balances tradition, scholarship, and contemporary performance contexts.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the origin of Bharatanatyam?

Bharatanatyam originates from the Natya Shastra and South Indian temple traditions.

Was Bharatanatyam always called Bharatanatyam?

No. It was previously known as Sadir or Dasiattam before being renamed in the 20th century.

Who revived Bharatanatyam?

The revival is associated with Rukmini Devi Arundale and Balasaraswati.